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Corporate Law · 172 notes

Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) notes.

Chapter-wise, structured notes for Judiciary (PCS-J / HJS), AIBE, CLAT and LLB preparation: sections, leading case law, illustrations and exam pointers. Every note is free to read, with previous and next topic links.

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  1. 01

    Meaning Concept Nature

    Inside this noteIPR
    1. 01Three pillars – Create/Identify/Legalise
    2. 02INS v. AP – IP as creature of statute
    3. 03Negative right – right to exclude vs use
    4. 04Entertainment Network v. Super Cassettes (2008)
    7 min readRead →
  2. 02

    Tangible vs Intangible

    Inside this noteIPR
    1. 01Honoré's four indicia – Use/Exclude/Transfer/Benefit
    2. 02Rivalrous vs non-rivalrous distinction
    3. 03Art 300A – protection against deprivation
    4. 04R.G. Anand v Delux Films – idea-expression
    6 min readRead →
  3. 03

    Historical Evolution

    Inside this noteIPR history
    1. 01Statute of Monopolies 1623 – §6
    2. 02Paris 1883 & Berne 1886 Conventions
    3. 03Ayyangar Committee Report 1959
    4. 04Patents Act 1970 – §3(d) & CL §84-92
    8 min readRead →
  4. 04

    Justifications

    Inside this noteIPR theories
    1. 01Locke – no-spoilage & enough-as-good provisos
    2. 02Hegel personality theory – §57 moral rights
    3. 03Amar Nath Sehgal v UOI – mutilation of mural
    4. 04Bayer v Natco – compulsory licence §84
    8 min readRead →
  5. 05

    Characteristics

    Inside this noteIPR
    1. 01TELA mnemonic – four characteristics
    2. 02Duration table – Patent 20yr, Copyright life+60
    3. 03Trademark – only IPR renewable forever §25(2)
    4. 04GI – only IPR non-assignable §24 GI Act
    8 min readRead →
  6. 06

    Kinds of IP

    Inside this noteIPR
    1. 01Nine kinds of IP – master table
    2. 02Patent term 20 yrs – §2(1)(j)
    3. 03GI non-assignable – §24, GI Act
    4. 04TKDL defensive mechanism – §25(1)(k)
    12 min readRead →
  7. 07

    Idea Expression Dichotomy

    Inside this noteCopyright
    1. 01R.G. Anand v. Delux Films – 7 propositions
    2. 02Baker v. Selden – idea/expression origin
    3. 03Abstractions test – Nichols v Universal
    4. 04Merger doctrine – Anil Gupta v Kunal Dasgupta
    9 min readRead →
  8. 08

    IP vs Real Property

    Inside this noteIPR
    1. 01Rivalrous vs non-rivalrous property
    2. 02Entertainment Network v Super Cassettes – Art 300A
    3. 03Adverse possession inapplicable to IP
    4. 04Compulsory licensing – Patents & Copyright Act
    7 min readRead →
  9. 09

    Sources of Indian IP Law

    Inside this noteIPR
    1. 01Art 253 – treaty implementation power
    2. 02Entry 49 & 49A List I – IP legislative competence
    3. 03Novartis – §3(d) anti-evergreening
    4. 04R.G. Anand – idea-expression dichotomy
    7 min readRead →
  10. 10

    Constitutional Perspective

    Inside this noteArt 300A
    1. 01Entry 49/49A – IP subjects, List I
    2. 02Art 253 – TRIPS treaty power
    3. 03Art 19(1)(g) & 19(6) – reasonableness test
    4. 04Art 300A – IP as property, Entertainment Network
    7 min readRead →
  11. 11

    Economic Importance

    Inside this noteIPR
    1. 01Five economic functions of IP
    2. 02India: 6th patents, 4th trademarks 2023
    3. 03Patent-to-GDP ratio 144→381
    4. 04National IPR Policy 2016 – 7 objectives
    7 min readRead →
  12. 12

    Benefits Costs Criticisms

    Inside this noteIPR
    1. 01Macaulay critique – tax on readers 1841
    2. 02Royalty stacking & patent thickets
    3. 03North-South critique – biopiracy, TRIPS
    4. 04§3(d) anti-evergreening – Patents Act
    9 min readRead →
  13. 13

    International Instruments

    Inside this noteIPR
    1. 01Paris Convention 1883 – national treatment & priority
    2. 02PCT 1970 – patent filing system
    3. 03TRIPS 1995 – WTO minimum standards
    4. 04India's treaty accession timeline
    9 min readRead →
  14. 14

    Comparative IP Laws

    Inside this noteIPR
    1. 01Section 3(d) – anti-evergreening, Novartis 2013
    2. 02Bayer v Natco 2014 – compulsory licence
    3. 03Copyright term: life+60 India vs life+70
    4. 04Modicum of creativity – Eastern Book Co v Modak
    10 min readRead →
  15. 15

    Introduction to Copyright

    Inside this noteCopyright Act
    1. 01Idea-expression dichotomy – R.G. Anand 1978
    2. 02Bundle of exclusive rights – §14
    3. 03Fair dealing exceptions – §52
    4. 04Plaintiff-friendly jurisdiction – §62
    7 min readRead →
  16. 16

    Subject Matter of Copyright

    Inside this note§13 Copyright
    1. 01§13(1) closed list of works
    2. 02R.G. Anand v Delux Films 1978
    3. 03Music/lyrics/sound recording – separate rights
    4. 04§13(2) – citizenship/publication conditions
    9 min readRead →
  17. 17

    Originality under Copyright

    Inside this noteCopyright
    1. 01Eastern Book Co v D.B. Modak (2008)
    2. 02Sweat of brow – Univ of London Press 1916
    3. 03Modicum of creativity – Feist 1991
    4. 04Skill & judgment test – CCH 2004
    8 min readRead →
  18. 18

    Fixation Idea Expression

    Inside this noteCopyright
    1. 01R.G. Anand v. Delux Films – 7 propositions
    2. 02Abstractions test – Nichols v Universal
    3. 03Merger doctrine – Morrissey v P&G
    4. 04Fixation via §2(h),(o),(p) definitions
    8 min readRead →
  19. 19

    Authorship First Ownership

    Inside this noteCopyright
    1. 01§2(d) – author by category of work
    2. 02§17 – seven provisos to first ownership
    3. 032012 amendment – IPRS v EIMPA overruled
    4. 04§23 – anonymous/pseudonymous work term
    9 min readRead →
  20. 20

    Term Duration

    Inside this noteCopyright Act
    1. 01General rule – life+60 §22
    2. 02Posthumous works – §24 restart clock
    3. 03Joint authorship – last-dying author
    4. 04Performer's right 50 yrs – §38
    8 min readRead →
  21. 21

    Bundle of Rights

    Inside this noteCopyright §14
    1. 01Bundle by work category – §14(a)-(e)
    2. 02Exhaustion doctrine – Eurokids, John Wiley, Warner Bros
    3. 03Royalty layer – §19(9) & 19(10)
    4. 04Severability of rights – §18, Saregama v Suresh Jindal
    10 min readRead →
  22. 22

    Assignment Licence Relinquishment

    Inside this noteCopyright Act
    1. 01Assignment mode & duration – §19
    2. 02Cover version licence – §31C
    3. 03Compulsory licence – §31
    4. 04Relinquishment & §21(3) savings
    10 min readRead →
  23. 23

    Copyright Societies

    Inside this noteCopyright Act
    1. 01§33 – registration requirement for societies
    2. 02IPRS v Eastern Indian Motion Pictures (1977)
    3. 03§33A – tariff review by Commercial Court/HC
    4. 04IPRS v Music Broadcast Ltd (2023)
    8 min readRead →
  24. 24

    Registration of Copyright

    Inside this noteCopyright Act
    1. 01Registration optional – Berne Art 5(2)
    2. 02§48 – Register as prima facie evidence
    3. 03§49 vs §50 – clerical error v rectification
    4. 04Software deposit – first 25 pages source code
    9 min readRead →
  25. 25

    Infringement

    Inside this noteCopyright §51
    1. 01Primary vs secondary infringement – §51
    2. 02Permit for profit venue liability – §51(a)(ii)
    3. 03Layman observer test – R.G. Anand
    4. 04Safe harbour intermediaries – §79 IT Act
    9 min readRead →
  26. 26

    Defences Fair Dealing

    Inside this noteCopyright §52
    1. 01Fair dealing – §52(1)(a) three purposes
    2. 02Reverse engineering – §52(1)(ac)
    3. 03Marrakesh Treaty – §52(1)(zb)
    4. 04India vs US fair use (Campbell v Acuff-Rose)
    11 min readRead →
  27. 27

    Remedies

    Inside this noteCopyright Act
    1. 01Punishment §63 – 6mo–3yr, fine 50k–2L
    2. 02Dynamic injunction – UTV v 1337X.to
    3. 03John Doe/Anton Piller/Mareva orders
    4. 04IPAB abolished – Tribunals Reforms Act 2021
    12 min readRead →
  28. 28

    Introduction to Trademark

    Inside this noteTrademark Act
    1. 01Definition – §2(1)(zb)
    2. 02Four functions: source, quality, ad, investment
    3. 03IPAB abolished – Tribunals Reforms Act 2021
    4. 04Renewable indefinitely – §25(2)
    9 min readRead →
  29. 29

    Kinds of Trademarks

    Inside this noteTrademarks
    1. 01Passing off trinity – Reckitt v Borden
    2. 02Collective marks – §§61-68
    3. 03Certification marks – §§69-78
    4. 04Shape marks excluded – §9(3)
    10 min readRead →
  30. 30

    Distinctiveness

    Inside this noteTM Act §9
    1. 01Abercrombie spectrum – Hunting World
    2. 02Secondary meaning – Marico's SHARP test
    3. 03Genericide – Escalator, Thermos, Cellophane
    4. 04Honest concurrent use – §12
    10 min readRead →
  31. 31

    Well Known Trademarks

    Inside this noteTM Act 1999
    1. 01Cross-class protection – §11(6)-(10)
    2. 02Daimler Benz v Hybo Hindustan – transborder rep
    3. 03Dilution doctrine – §29(4)
    4. 04Rule 124 – Registry list of well-known marks
    12 min readRead →
  32. 32

    Absolute Grounds

    Inside this note§9 TM Act
    1. 01Devoid of distinctive character – §9(1)(a)
    2. 02Proviso – acquired distinctiveness/well-known
    3. 03Functional shape bar – §9(3)
    4. 04Six-step §9 analysis framework
    11 min readRead →
  33. 33

    Relative Grounds

    Inside this noteTrade Marks Act
    1. 01Cadila multi-factor test – deceptive similarity
    2. 02Well-known mark dilution – §11(2)
    3. 03Passing off & copyright bar – §11(3)
    4. 04Honest concurrent use – §12
    10 min readRead →
  34. 34

    Procedure for Registration

    Inside this noteTrademarks Act
    1. 01Filing–Examination–Publication–Opposition flow
    2. 02Opposition window – §21, 4 months
    3. 03Registration certificate – §23, 18 months
    4. 04Removal for non-use – §47, 5yrs3mo
    11 min readRead →
  35. 35

    Infringement Sec29 1 3

    Inside this note§29 TM Act
    1. 01§29(1) – double identity test
    2. 02§29(2) – three confusion limbs (a)(b)(c)
    3. 03§29(3) – presumption of confusion
    4. 04Infringement vs passing off distinction
    10 min readRead →
  36. 36

    Infringement Sec29 4 9

    Inside this noteTM Act 1999
    1. 01Dilution – §29(4) & ITC v Philip Morris
    2. 02Trade/corporate name – §29(5) CIPLA Bom-FB
    3. 03'Use' illustrative list – §29(6)
    4. 04Comparative ads – Reckitt v Ramchandran §29(8)
    12 min readRead →
  37. 37

    Passing Off

    Inside this notePassing Off
    1. 01Reckitt trinity – goodwill/misrepresentation/damage
    2. 02§27(2) Trade Marks Act – passing off preserved
    3. 03Transborder reputation – Honda v Charanjit Singh
    4. 04Domain names – Yahoo v Akash Arora, UDRP/INDRP
    10 min readRead →
  38. 38

    Defences Limitations

    Inside this noteTM Act 1999
    1. 01Doctrine of exhaustion – §30(3)
    2. 02Own name & address defence – §35
    3. 03Concurrent registration use – §36
    4. 04Acquiescence – Power Control Appliances
    11 min readRead →
  39. 39

    Acquiescence Counter Attacks

    Inside this noteTrademarks
    1. 01Acquiescence – Power Control v Sumeet 1994
    2. 02Wander v Antox 1990 – delay & injunction
    3. 03§47 non-use removal defence
    4. 04§57 rectification – no sufficient cause
    11 min readRead →
  40. 40

    Assignment Licensing

    Inside this noteTM Act 1999
    1. 01Assignment §37 – power to assign
    2. 02With/without goodwill – §§38-39
    3. 03Multiple exclusive rights bar – §40
    4. 04Registered users – §49 & naked licensing
    10 min readRead →
  41. 41

    Rectification Removal

    Inside this noteTM Act 1999
    1. 01§47 non-use – 5yr3mo rule
    2. 02§57 rectification – original invalidity
    3. 03'Person aggrieved' standing test
    4. 04Patel Field Marshal v PM Diesels 2018
    10 min readRead →
  42. 42

    Collective Certification

    Inside this noteTrademarks
    1. 01Collective marks – §§61-68, §2(1)(g)
    2. 02Certification marks – §§69-78, §2(1)(e)
    3. 03§70 – proprietor can't trade
    4. 04No damages – §135(3)(a) bar
    10 min readRead →
  43. 43

    Comparative TM Laws

    Inside this noteTM Act 1999
    1. 01First-to-file vs first-to-use – UK/India/US
    2. 02Abercrombie distinctiveness spectrum
    3. 03Dilution – FTDA vs §29(4) India
    4. 04Kapil Wadhwa v Samsung – exhaustion
    9 min readRead →
  44. 44

    Landmark TM Cases

    Inside this noteTrademark law
    1. 01Cadila – seven-factor deceptive similarity test
    2. 02ITC v Philip Morris – §29(4) dilution 4-factor test
    3. 03Reckitt v Borden – classical trinity passing off
    4. 04Louboutin v Bajaj – 26-element intermediary test
    14 min readRead →
  45. 45

    Intro Patent Law

    Inside this notePatents Act 1970
    1. 01Patent bargain – 20yr monopoly for disclosure
    2. 02§2(1)(j) – invention definition, 3 tests
    3. 03§2(1)(ja) – inventive step, unique to India
    4. 04§3 – 16 non-patentable categories
    9 min readRead →
  46. 46

    Patentable Subject Matter

    Inside this notePatents Act
    1. 01Anti-evergreening – §3(d) Novartis
    2. 02Enhanced efficacy requirement – §3(d)
    3. 03Microorganism exception – §3(j)
    4. 04Software 'per se' qualifier – §3(k)
    10 min readRead →
  47. 47

    Novelty Inventive Step

    Inside this notePatents Act
    1. 01Three pillars – §2(1)(j) definition
    2. 02Inventive step – §2(1)(ja) technical/economic
    3. 03Anticipation exceptions – §§31-34
    4. 04Bishwanath Prasad – workshop improvement
    9 min readRead →
  48. 48

    Application Specifications

    Inside this notePatents Act
    1. 01Provisional→complete: 12-month window – §9
    2. 02Complete specification contents – §10(4)
    3. 03Publication at 18 months – §11A
    4. 04PCT national phase – 31-month deadline
    11 min readRead →
  49. 49

    Rights Patentee

    Inside this notePatents Act
    1. 01Rights bundle – §48(a) product / §48(b) process
    2. 0220-year term – §53
    3. 03Foreign vessel exemption – §49 (Paris Art 5ter)
    4. 04Co-owners' rights – §50
    11 min readRead →
  50. 50

    Working Patents

    Inside this notePatents Act
    1. 01Form 27 – annual working disclosure §146
    2. 02Bayer Corp v UOI 2014 – working standard
    3. 03§84 grounds for compulsory licence
    4. 04Natco Pharma v UOI 2019 – Form 27 reform
    9 min readRead →
  51. 51

    Compulsory Licensing

    Inside this notePatents Act §84
    1. 01Bayer v Natco – Nexavar CL 2012
    2. 02Section 84(1) – 3 grounds test
    3. 03Section 92A – Doha export licence
    4. 04BDR & Lee Pharma – rejections
    12 min readRead →
  52. 52

    Patent Infringement

    Inside this notePatents Act
    1. 01Roche v Cipla – claim construction
    2. 02Purposive construction – Catnic Components
    3. 03Function-way-result test – equivalents
    4. 04Bolar exemption – §107A
    10 min readRead →
  53. 53

    Revocation Opposition

    Inside this notePatents Act
    1. 01Pre-grant §25(1) vs post-grant §25(2) opp
    2. 02Revocation grounds – §64
    3. 03§107(1) – revocation as infringement defence
    4. 04Patel Field Marshal v P.M. Diesels – 2018 SCC
    13 min readRead →
  54. 54

    Patent Agents

    Inside this notePatents Act
    1. 01Qualifications – §126 Patents Act
    2. 02Patent agent vs patent attorney distinction
    3. 03Restriction on corporate practice – §129
    4. 04Removal & restoration – §130
    9 min readRead →
  55. 55

    Civil Criminal Remedies

    Inside this notePatents Act
    1. 01Civil-only regime – no infringement crime
    2. 02§104 – District Court vs High Court
    3. 03§105 – declaration of non-infringement
    4. 04Roche v Cipla – public interest injunction
    11 min readRead →
  56. 56

    Addition Restoration Surrender

    Inside this notePatents Act 1970
    1. 01Patents of addition – §§54-56
    2. 02Amendment before Controller/HC – §§57-59
    3. 03Restoration within 18 months – §60
    4. 04Surrender of patent – §63
    12 min readRead →
  57. 57

    Comparative Patent

    Inside this notePatent law
    1. 01Section 3(d) anti-evergreening – India
    2. 02No PTE in India – strategic implication
    3. 03Pre-grant opposition – Section 25(1) unique
    4. 04Roche v Cipla 2008 – injunction test
    9 min readRead →
  58. 58

    Landmark Patent Cases

    Inside this notePatent law
    1. 01Bishwanath Prasad – workshop improvement test
    2. 02Novartis Glivec – §3(d) therapeutic efficacy
    3. 03Bayer v Natco – India's only compulsory licence
    4. 04Catnic & Improver – purposive construction
    10 min readRead →
  59. 59

    Intro Designs

    Inside this noteDesigns Act 2000
    1. 01Definition of design – §2(d)
    2. 02Four bars to registration – §4
    3. 0310+5 year max term
    4. 04Hague Agreement – India not a member
    9 min readRead →
  60. 60

    What is Design

    Inside this noteDesigns Act 2000
    1. 01Judged solely by eye test – Pidilite v Astral
    2. 02Solely dictated by function test – Travel Blue v Miniso
    3. 03Sec 2(g) new in application doctrine
    4. 04GUI registrability – UST Global v Controller
    11 min readRead →
  61. 61

    Registration Designs

    Inside this noteDesigns Act 2000
    1. 01Crocs v Bata – registration mandatory
    2. 02§5 – five operative elements
    3. 03Locarno Classification – 32 classes
    4. 04§19 – five cancellation grounds
    10 min readRead →
  62. 62

    Design Infringement

    Inside this noteDesigns Act 2000
    1. 01§22 – piracy of registered designs
    2. 02Two-track remedy – §22(2)(a)/(b) caps
    3. 03Crocs v. Bata – passing-off + design coexist
    4. 04§22A – criminal penalty up to 2 yrs
    12 min readRead →
  63. 63

    Comparative Designs

    Inside this noteIPR
    1. 01EU UCD – 3yr automatic protection
    2. 02Hague Agreement – India non-member
    3. 03TrafFix v MDI – functionality test
    4. 04Repair clause – EU 2024 Regulation
    9 min readRead →
  64. 64

    Landmark Design Cases

    Inside this noteDesigns Act
    1. 01Bharat Glass Tube v Gopal – §2(g) originality
    2. 02Travel Blue v Miniso – functionality test
    3. 03UST Global – GUI registrability
    4. 04Crocs v Bata – passing-off + design coexist
    9 min readRead →
  65. 65

    Intro GI

    Inside this noteGI Act 1999
    1. 01§2(1)(e) – statutory definition of GI
    2. 02§9 – prohibitions on registration
    3. 03§18 – term: 10 yrs, renewable indefinitely
    4. 04TRIPS Arts 22-24 – wines/spirits protection
    9 min readRead →
  66. 66

    Registration GI

    Inside this noteGI Act
    1. 01Two-tier: GI (§11) & authorised user (§21)
    2. 02Opposition window – §16, 3+1 months
    3. 03Darjeeling Tea GI – 7 yr examination
    4. 04Homonymous GIs – §23
    9 min readRead →
  67. 67

    GI Infringement

    Inside this noteGI Act
    1. 01Section 25 – infringement of GI
    2. 02Tea Board v ITC – Darjeeling Lounge
    3. 03Scotch Whisky Assn v Golden Bottling
    4. 04Section 39 – falsification, 3yr imprisonment
    12 min readRead →
  68. 68

    Famous Indian GIs

    Inside this noteGI Law
    1. 01Darjeeling Tea – first GI 2004-05
    2. 02Basmati Rice – RiceTec Texmati dispute
    3. 03Banarasi Saree – GI Reg 2009
    4. 04697 GIs registered by July 2025
    9 min readRead →
  69. 69

    International GI

    Inside this noteGI law
    1. 01TRIPS Art 22-24 & Lisbon Agreement 1958
    2. 02EU PDO/PGI/TSG categories
    3. 03Basmati Rice – India v RiceTec dispute
    4. 04India not member of Geneva Act Lisbon
    8 min readRead →
  70. 70

    Landmark GI Cases

    Inside this noteGI Act 1999
    1. 01Tea Board v ITC – GI scope product-bounded
    2. 02Scotch Whisky Assoc v Golden Bottling – passing-off
    3. 03Basmati v RiceTec – traditional knowledge defence
    4. 04Prosciutto di Parma v Asda – PDO all-stages rule
    10 min readRead →
  71. 71

    Intro TS

    Inside this noteTrade secrets
    1. 01Three-part test – secrecy, value, steps
    2. 02TRIPS Article 39 – undisclosed information
    3. 03Protection of Trade Secrets Bill 2024
    4. 04HCL Technologies v Sanjay Ranganathan (2023)
    10 min readRead →
  72. 72

    TS Subject Matter

    Inside this noteTrade secrets
    1. 01Saltman Engineering v Campbell test
    2. 02Three-part test – Trade Secrets Bill 2024
    3. 03Hi-Tech Systems v Suprabhat Ray – multi-factor
    4. 04Spring-board doctrine – Seager v Copydex
    10 min readRead →
  73. 73

    TS Misappropriation

    Inside this noteTrade secrets
    1. 01Three categories – acquisition/use/disclosure
    2. 02Spring-board doctrine – Seager v Copydex
    3. 03TCS v CSC – $210 million damages
    4. 04Rochem v Nirtech – pleading specificity
    9 min readRead →
  74. 74

    TS Remedies

    Inside this noteTrade secrets
    1. 01Three-prong test – interim injunction
    2. 02Anton Piller order – search & seizure
    3. 03BNS §305/314/316 – theft & CBT
    4. 04Springboard injunction – post-disclosure use
    9 min readRead →
  75. 75

    TS Comparative

    Inside this noteIPR
    1. 01DTSA 2016 – treble damages
    2. 02EU Directive 2016/943 – Art 5,6
    3. 03UK Saltman test & Seager springboard
    4. 04India Trade Secrets Bill 2024
    8 min readRead →
  76. 76

    Landmark TS Cases

    Inside this noteTrade secrets
    1. 01Saltman test – confidentiality quality
    2. 02Seager v Copydex – spring-board doctrine
    3. 03Konrad Wiedemann – business acumen not TS
    4. 04TCS v CSC – $210M Texas verdict
    11 min readRead →
  77. 77

    TS Employment

    Inside this noteIPR
    1. 01Section 27 ICA – restraint of trade void
    2. 02Niranjan Shankar Golikari v Century Spinning
    3. 03Spring-board doctrine – post-employment use
    4. 04Customer list – Burlington v Rajnish Chibber
    10 min readRead →
  78. 78

    Intro PVP

    Inside this notePPV&FR Act
    1. 01PepsiCo v Kavitha Kuruganti – FC-5 case
    2. 02Breeder – §2(c) includes farmers
    3. 03DUS test – Distinct/Uniform/Stable
    4. 04TRIPS Art 27.3(b) – sui generis choice
    8 min readRead →
  79. 79

    PVP Rights

    Inside this notePPV&FR Act
    1. 01Breeders' rights – §28
    2. 02Farmers' rights – §§39-46
    3. 03PepsiCo v. Kavitha Kuruganti 2024
    4. 04Researchers' rights – §30
    11 min readRead →
  80. 80

    PVP Registration

    Inside this notePPV&FR Act
    1. 01DUS test – §19
    2. 02Maharashtra Hybrid Seed – parent lines
    3. 03§64 – infringement
    4. 04§70 – false denomination penalty
    9 min readRead →
  81. 81

    BD Act

    Inside this noteBD Act 2002
    1. 01NBA at Chennai – §8
    2. 02§3 pre-grant approval for foreign access
    3. 03§6 IPR pre-grant approval, §7 disclosure
    4. 042023 Act – AYUSH & codified TK exempted
    8 min readRead →
  82. 82

    TK TKDL

    Inside this noteIPR
    1. 01Neem patent – W.R. Grace EPO revocation 2000
    2. 02Turmeric patent – Univ of Mississippi revoked 1995
    3. 03TKDL – CSIR & AYUSH, 3.6 lakh formulations
    4. 04§3(p) Patents Act – TK exclusion
    9 min readRead →
  83. 83

    Landmark Mod8 Cases

    Inside this noteIPR
    1. 01PepsiCo v Kavitha Kuruganti – §39(1)(iv)
    2. 02Maharashtra Hybrid Seed – extant variety
    3. 03Neem & Turmeric patents – TK defeats patent
    4. 04WIPO Treaty on Genetic Resources 2024
    9 min readRead →
  84. 84

    Intro Emerging Tech

    Inside this note§3(k) Patents
    1. 01ANI Media v. OpenAI – §52 fair use
    2. 02CRI Guidelines 2025 – §3(k) framework
    3. 03Ferid Allani – technical effect test
    4. 04Ericsson v. Lava – seven-step novelty test
    8 min readRead →
  85. 85

    AI Copyright

    Inside this noteCopyright Act
    1. 01Section 2(d)(vi) – computer-generated works
    2. 02ANI Media v OpenAI – §52 fair dealing
    3. 03Stephen Thaler v Copyright Office
    4. 04IT Act §79 – intermediary safe harbour
    10 min readRead →
  86. 86

    AI Patents

    Inside this notePatents Act
    1. 01Ferid Allani three-prong technical test
    2. 02§3(k) – computer programme per se
    3. 03CRI Guidelines 2025 – AI/ML framework
    4. 04§6 – true and first inventor requirement
    10 min readRead →
  87. 87

    Blockchain NFTs

    Inside this noteIPR
    1. 01Ab Initio – blockchain technical effect
    2. 02Hermès v Rothschild – MetaBirkins
    3. 03NFT ≠ copyright transfer
    4. 04ICA §10 – smart contract validity
    9 min readRead →
  88. 88

    3D Printing

    Inside this noteIPR
    1. 01Microfibres v Girdhar – 50-article rule
    2. 02§48 Patents Act – exclusive rights
    3. 03§22 Designs Act – applying design
    4. 04Stratasys v Afinia – US patent suit
    8 min readRead →
  89. 89

    Software IoT SEPs

    Inside this note§3(k) Patents
    1. 01§3(k) – computer programme per se
    2. 02Ferid Allani three-prong technical test
    3. 03Ericsson v Lava – SEP infringement
    4. 04FRAND – fair reasonable non-discriminatory
    8 min readRead →
  90. 90

    Landmark Emerging Tech Cases

    Inside this noteIPR – Emerging Tec
    1. 01Ferid Allani – technical effect test §3(k)
    2. 02OpenTV – business method absolute bar
    3. 03Ab Initio – blockchain technical effect standard
    4. 04ANI Media v OpenAI – AI training fair use
    10 min readRead →
  91. 91

    Intro Enforcement

    Inside this noteIPR Enforcement
    1. 01IPAB abolished – Tribunals Reforms Act 2021
    2. 02Five enforcement tracks – civil to ADR
    3. 03§12A – mandatory pre-institution mediation
    4. 04Safe-distance rule – Aventis v Algreat
    9 min readRead →
  92. 92

    Civil Suits

    Inside this noteIP litigation
    1. 01Three-prong test – prima facie/BOC/injury
    2. 02Anton Piller orders – search & seizure
    3. 03Mareva injunctions – asset freezing
    4. 04John Doe/Ashok Kumar – dynamic injunctions
    8 min readRead →
  93. 93

    Criminal IP

    Inside this noteIPR
    1. 01§103 TM Act – falsifying trademark
    2. 02BNS §305/314/316 – trade secret theft
    3. 03Cinematograph Amendment Act 2023 – anti-camcording
    4. 04Multi-track strategy – civil+criminal+customs
    9 min readRead →
  94. 94

    Customs Enforcement

    Inside this noteIPR Customs
    1. 01§11(1)(d) Customs Act 1962
    2. 022018 Rules – patents removed
    3. 03IPR Enforcement Rules 2007
    4. 045+5/7d/14d detention timelines
    7 min readRead →
  95. 95

    ADR

    Inside this noteIPR-ADR
    1. 01Mediation Act 2023 – §12 (90+60 days)
    2. 02§12A Commercial Courts Act – pre-suit mediation
    3. 03UDRP/INDRP – 3-prong test
    4. 04Trade secret disputes – LOW ADR suitability
    7 min readRead →
  96. 96

    Online Enforcement

    Inside this noteIT Act §79
    1. 01Shreya Singhal – actual knowledge test §79(3)(b)
    2. 02Dynamic injunctions – UTV v 1337X.to
    3. 03Louboutin v Nakul Bajaj – active/passive test
    4. 04ANI v OpenAI – AI training data pending
    9 min readRead →
  97. 97

    Landmark Enforcement Cases

    Inside this noteIPR Enforcement
    1. 01IPAB abolition – Tribunals Reforms Ordinance 2021
    2. 02Manufacturing not prerequisite – Roche v Cipla
    3. 03Dynamic injunctions – UTV v 1337X.to
    4. 04Patents removed from customs – 2018 amendment
    11 min readRead →
  98. 98

    Intro Intersections

    Inside this noteIPR
    1. 01Novartis v UoI – §3(d) anti-evergreening
    2. 02Bayer v Natco – §84 compulsory licence
    3. 03Telefonaktiebolaget v CCI – IP vs Competition Act
    4. 04Six IP intersections framework
    7 min readRead →
  99. 99

    IP Competition

    Inside this noteCompetition Act
    1. 01Section 3(5) – IP reasonable-conditions exception
    2. 02Section 4 – abuse of dominance, no IP exception
    3. 03Ericsson v CCI – SEP/FRAND jurisdiction
    4. 04Monsanto Holdings v CCI – Bt cotton royalty
    10 min readRead →
  100. 100

    Constitutional Public Health

    Inside this noteIP & Public Health
    1. 01Novartis v UoI – §3(d) anti-evergreening
    2. 02Bayer v Natco – compulsory licence §84
    3. 03Art 21 right to health vs patents
    4. 04Doha Declaration 2001 – TRIPS flexibilities
    8 min readRead →
  101. 101

    IP Privacy DPDP

    Inside this noteDPDP Act
    1. 01Puttaswamy – privacy as fundamental right
    2. 02DPDP Act 2023 – key definitions
    3. 03Penalties up to ₹250-500 crore
    4. 04ANI Media v OpenAI – AI training data
    8 min readRead →
  102. 102

    IP Labour Law

    Inside this noteIPR
    1. 01§6 Patents Act – first inventor rule
    2. 02§17 Copyright Act – employer ownership
    3. 03Rochem v Rolex – trade secret ID
    4. 04§27 ICA – restraint of trade void
    9 min readRead →
  103. 103

    IP Taxation

    Inside this noteIP Taxation
    1. 01Engineering Analysis v CIT – software royalty
    2. 02§115BBF patent box – 10% rate
    3. 03§9(1)(vi) – royalty deemed accrual
    4. 04Use of copyright vs copyrighted article
    8 min readRead →
  104. 104

    Landmark Intersections Cases

    Inside this noteIPR
    1. 01Novartis v UoI – §3(d) efficacy test
    2. 02Ericsson v CCI – Patents Act v Competition Act
    3. 03Puttaswamy – privacy as Art 21 right
    4. 04Engineering Analysis – software payments not royalty
    10 min readRead →
  105. 105

    Landmark Patent Cases

    Inside this notePatent law
    1. 01Novartis v UOI – §3(d) efficacy test
    2. 02Bayer v Natco – compulsory licence §84
    3. 03Ferid Allani – technical effect test §3(k)
    4. 04Ericsson v Lava – SEP/FRAND seven-step test
    10 min readRead →
  106. 106

    Landmark Trademark Cases

    Inside this noteTrademark law
    1. 01Cadila 2001 – six-factor confusion test
    2. 02Pernod Ricard v Karanveer – composite test
    3. 03Yahoo! v Akash Arora – domain as trademark
    4. 04Louboutin v Nakul Bajaj – active/passive platform
    9 min readRead →
  107. 107

    Landmark Copyright Cases

    Inside this noteCopyright
    1. 01R.G. Anand – substantial similarity test
    2. 02EBC v. Modak – modicum of creativity
    3. 03Cambridge UP v. Rameshwari – §52(1)(i) fair dealing
    4. 04Engineering Analysis v. CIT – royalty test
    9 min readRead →
  108. 108

    Designs GI Cases

    Inside this noteDesigns & GI
    1. 01Bharat Glass Tube v Gopal Glass Works
    2. 02Microfibres v Girdhar – 50-article rule
    3. 03Tea Board v ITC – Darjeeling Lounge
    4. 04Scotch Whisky Assn v Universal Distilleries
    9 min readRead →
  109. 109

    Trade Secret Cases

    Inside this noteTrade secrets
    1. 01Rochem rule – specificity requirement
    2. 02Golikari – restrictions during employment valid
    3. 03Krishna Murgai – post-employment non-compete invalid
    4. 04Section 27 ICA – restraint of trade void
    9 min readRead →
  110. 110

    Emerging Tech AI Cases

    Inside this noteIPR
    1. 01ANI Media v. OpenAI – AI training pending
    2. 02Thaler v. Copyright Office – AI authorship
    3. 03Ferid Allani – technical effect test §3(k)
    4. 04Ericsson v. Lava – SEP/FRAND watershed
    9 min readRead →
  111. 111

    Master Compendium

    Inside this noteIPR
    1. 01Novartis – §3(d) & therapeutic efficacy
    2. 02Bayer v Natco – first compulsory licence
    3. 03Cadila six-factor confusion test
    4. 04Golikari vs Krishna Murgai – §27 ICA
    10 min readRead →
  112. 112

    Intro International IP

    Inside this noteTRIPS/WIPO
    1. 01WIPO – three core functions
    2. 02National Treatment – TRIPS Art3/Paris Art2/Berne Art5
    3. 03TRIPS-Plus provisions vs India's position
    4. 04Paris 1883 & Berne 1886 – India membership dates
    8 min readRead →
  113. 113

    TRIPS Agreement

    Inside this noteTRIPS
    1. 01Compulsory licensing – Art 31
    2. 02Art 31bis – export CL 2017
    3. 03Doha Declaration 2001 – public health
    4. 04India's 3-stage TRIPS implementation
    9 min readRead →
  114. 114

    WIPO Doha

    Inside this noteIPR
    1. 01Doha Declaration – TRIPS & public health 2001
    2. 02Art 31bis – compulsory licensing export 2017
    3. 03§3(d) Patents Act – Novartis 2013
    4. 04WIPO GRTK Treaty May 2024
    8 min readRead →
  115. 115

    Paris Convention

    Inside this noteParis Convention
    1. 01Right of priority – Art 4
    2. 02Well-known marks – Art 6bis
    3. 03Unfair competition – Art 10bis
    4. 04Coca-Cola v Bisleri – MAAZA
    8 min readRead →
  116. 116

    Berne Convention

    Inside this noteBerne Conv
    1. 01National treatment – Art 5
    2. 02Term of protection – Art 7 (life+50/60)
    3. 03Moral rights – Art 6bis
    4. 04Three-step test – Art 9(2)
    10 min readRead →
  117. 117

    Madrid System

    Inside this noteIPR
    1. 01India joined Madrid Protocol – 8 July 2013
    2. 02Central attack – 5 yr basic mark link
    3. 03Provisional refusal – 12-18 months
    4. 04Toshiba v Tosiba, 2024 Del HC
    7 min readRead →
  118. 118

    PCT

    Inside this notePCT
    1. 0130-month national phase deadline
    2. 02IPO as ISA/IPEA since 2013
    3. 03Ericsson v Lava International 2024
    4. 04Aventis Pharma v Algreat Industries 2025
    7 min readRead →
  119. 119

    Hague Agreement

    Inside this noteIPR
    1. 01Geneva Act 1999 – sole Act since 2025
    2. 02India acceded – 13 Sept 2014
    3. 03100 designs in one application
    4. 04Term 5+5+5=15 yrs; refusal 6-12 months
    8 min readRead →
  120. 120

    Lisbon Geneva Act

    Inside this noteIPR – GI law
    1. 01Geneva Act 2015 – extends to GIs
    2. 02AO vs GI – distinction test
    3. 03Tea Board v ITC – GI limited to goods
    4. 04India not a Lisbon/Geneva member
    8 min readRead →
  121. 121

    WCT WPPT

    Inside this noteCopyright
    1. 01WCT Art 8 – communication to public
    2. 02§65A TPMs & §65B RMI – 2012 Amdt
    3. 03WPPT Art 5 – moral rights of performers
    4. 04India not member, aligned via 2012 Act
    8 min readRead →
  122. 122

    Beijing Marrakesh

    Inside this noteCopyright
    1. 01Beijing Treaty – audiovisual performers' rights
    2. 02Marrakesh Treaty – access for print disabled
    3. 03Anil Kapoor v Simply Life India, 2023
    4. 04§52(1)(zb) Copyright Act – accessible formats
    7 min readRead →
  123. 123

    Bilateral Regional Framework

    Inside this noteIPR
    1. 01RCEP withdrawal – Nov 2019
    2. 02Model BIT 2016 – narrower scope
    3. 03India-UAE CEPA – eff 1 May 2022
    4. 04TRIPS-Plus provisions opposed list
    7 min readRead →
  124. 124

    TRIPS Plus Waivers

    Inside this noteIPR/TRIPS
    1. 01MC12 Decision 2022 – COVID waiver
    2. 02Patent term ext – Art 33 vs India §53
    3. 03Data exclusivity – Art 39.3 TRIPS
    4. 04India CL – §§84, 92, 100
    8 min readRead →
  125. 125

    International IP Master

    Inside this noteIPR
    1. 01TRIPS – effective 1 Jan 1995, 73 articles
    2. 02Novartis AG v UoI – §3(d) TRIPS Art 27
    3. 03India-US patent dispute – WT/DS50/R
    4. 04Article 31bis – compulsory licence export 2017
    9 min readRead →
  126. 126

    Strategic IP Intro

    Inside this noteIPR
    1. 01IP portfolio lifecycle – 6 stages
    2. 02Patent/TM/design stats 2023 India
    3. 03IPAB abolition 2021 – HC IP Divisions
    4. 04Telefonaktiebolaget v Lava 2024 – SEP/FRAND
    7 min readRead →
  127. 127

    Strategic IP Intro (1)

    Inside this noteIPR
    1. 01IP portfolio lifecycle – 6 stages
    2. 0270-90% market value from intangibles
    3. 03IPAB abolition 2021 – HC IP Divisions
    4. 04Telefonaktiebolaget v Lava 2024 – SEP/FRAND
    7 min readRead →
  128. 128

    IP Valuation

    Inside this noteIPR Valuation
    1. 01Cost, Market, Income approaches
    2. 02Section 247 – registered valuers
    3. 03Engineering Analysis – software royalty tax
    4. 04Ericsson v Lava – SEP damages
    9 min readRead →
  129. 129

    Tech Transfer Licensing

    Inside this noteIPR
    1. 01Section 27 ICA – restraint of trade void
    2. 02Ericsson v Lava 2024 – SEP/FRAND
    3. 03Engineering Analysis 2021 – software not royalty
    4. 04Section 3(5) Competition Act exception
    8 min readRead →
  130. 130

    IP AI ML Future

    Inside this noteIPR
    1. 01Human authorship/inventorship required rule
    2. 02Stephen Thaler v Vidal & Del HC 2025
    3. 03ANI v OpenAI – training data case
    4. 04CRI Guidelines 2025 – three-step test
    9 min readRead →
  131. 131

    Sustainability Biotech IP

    Inside this noteIPR
    1. 01Section 3(j) – plants/animals not patentable
    2. 02TKDL – turmeric, basmati, neem revocations
    3. 03PPV&FR Act §39 – Farmers' Rights
    4. 04Bayer v Natco – biotech compulsory licence
    8 min readRead →
  132. 132

    Future Indian IP Law

    Inside this noteIPR
    1. 01ANI v OpenAI – AI training data
    2. 02Pernod Ricard 2025 – composite test
    3. 03Telefonaktiebolaget v Lava – SEP/FRAND
    4. 04CRI Guidelines 2025 – AI/software patents
    6 min readRead →
  133. 133

    Series Conclusion

    Inside this noteIPR
    1. 01Novartis v UoI – §3(d) efficacy
    2. 02Bharat Glass Tube – Designs Act test
    3. 03Compulsory licensing – §84,92,100
    4. 04WIPO/TRIPS/bilateral – 3 pillars
    10 min readRead →
  134. 134

    Patent Office Procedure

    Inside this notePatents Act
    1. 01RFE timeline – 31 months (Rule 24C)
    2. 02Pre-grant vs post-grant opposition – §25(1)/25(2)
    3. 03Form 27 triennial filing – §146
    4. 04Vishal Solanke v Controller – independent tracks
    10 min readRead →
  135. 135

    Trade Marks Registry

    Inside this noteTrade Marks Act
    1. 01Opposition procedure – §21, 4-month window
    2. 02Registration term – §25, 10-year renewal
    3. 03Well-known marks – Rule 124, Form TM-Z
    4. 04Pernod Ricard v Chhabra 2025 – composite test
    9 min readRead →
  136. 136

    Copyright Office

    Inside this noteCopyright
    1. 01Registration optional – §13 automatic
    2. 02Application procedure – §45 Form XIV
    3. 03§31D statutory licensing broadcasting
    4. 04§65A/65B TPM & RMI circumvention
    8 min readRead →
  137. 137

    IP Litigation

    Inside this noteIP Litigation
    1. 01Tribunals Reforms Act 2021 – IPAB abolished
    2. 02Delhi & Madras HC IP Divisions
    3. 03Ericsson v Lava 2024 – SEP/FRAND
    4. 04Section 104/134 – patent & TM jurisdiction
    9 min readRead →
  138. 138

    Specialised Entertainment Sports Fashion

    Inside this noteIPR
    1. 01Anil Kapoor 2023 – personality rights v AI
    2. 02Cinematograph (Amendment) Act 2023 – §6AA anti-camcording
    3. 03Performers' rights – §38, 38A, 38B & Beijing Treaty
    4. 04Christian Louboutin red sole – trade dress
    8 min readRead →
  139. 139

    Comparative IP Law

    Inside this noteIPR
    1. 01US fair use four-factor – §107, Authors Guild
    2. 02Section 3(d) anti-evergreening – unique globally
    3. 03UPC effective 1 June 2023 – EU
    4. 04Pre-grant opposition unique – §25(1) India
    8 min readRead →
  140. 140

    Procedural Specialised Master

    Inside this noteIPR Procedure
    1. 01RFE timeline – 31 months (Rule 2024)
    2. 02Pre/post-grant opposition fees ₹4k/₹40k
    3. 03IPAB abolition 2021 – HC IP Divisions
    4. 04Telefonaktiebolaget v Lava – SEP/FRAND 2024
    9 min readRead →
  141. 141

    Patent Drafting Workshop

    Inside this notePatents Act §10
    1. 01§10(4) sufficiency – Caleb Suresh Motupalli 2025
    2. 02CRI Guidelines 2025 – three-step test
    3. 03Claim types – independent, dependent, Jepson
    4. 04§3(k) trap – OpenTV 2023 business methods
    9 min readRead →
  142. 142

    Patent Prosecution Workshop

    Inside this notePatents Act
    1. 01FER 4-part structure – §14/15, §3/4
    2. 02Pre-grant §25(1) vs post-grant §25(2)
    3. 03Section 59 – no new matter rule
    4. 04Vishal Solanke 2025 – dual tracks distinct
    10 min readRead →
  143. 143

    TM Prosecution Workshop

    Inside this noteTM Act 1999
    1. 01Sun Pharma v Dabur – Rule 45 strict
    2. 02Cadila 2001 – 7-factor composite test
    3. 03Pernod Ricard 2025 INSC 981
    4. 04Opposition timeline: 4 months §21
    9 min readRead →
  144. 144

    Copyright Workshop

    Inside this noteCopyright Act
    1. 01Software copyright – Form XIV registration
    2. 02§19 assignment – writing, signed, specific
    3. 03ANI Media v. OpenAI – AI training clearance
    4. 04§52 fair dealing – educational/news categories
    10 min readRead →
  145. 145

    IP Audit DD Workshop

    Inside this noteIPR
    1. 01IP Audit vs Due Diligence distinction
    2. 02Section 247 Companies Act – valuation
    3. 03Patent box – §115BBF
    4. 04Ericsson v Lava – SEP/FRAND damages
    8 min readRead →
  146. 146

    Licensing Assignment Workshop

    Inside this noteIPR
    1. 01Licensing vs assignment distinction
    2. 02Restraint of trade – §27 ICA
    3. 03Ericsson v Lava – SEP/FRAND
    4. 04Engineering Analysis 2021 – software not royalty
    9 min readRead →
  147. 147

    NDA Confidentiality Workshop

    Inside this noteTrade secrets
    1. 01Rochem rule – trade secret identification
    2. 02§27 ICA – restraint of trade void
    3. 03Niranjan Shankar vs Krishna Murgai split
    4. 04DPDP Act 2023 – NDA integration
    9 min readRead →
  148. 148

    Cease Desist Enforcement Workshop

    Inside this noteIPR enforcement
    1. 01UTV v 1337X.to – dynamic injunctions
    2. 02Mars v Cadbury 2025 – mediation
    3. 03Aventis v Algreat – contempt jail term
    4. 04Customs IPR Enforcement Rules 2018
    9 min readRead →
  149. 149

    Workshop Master

    Inside this noteIPR
    1. 01FER response – 6+3 months
    2. 02Sun Pharma v Dabur 2024 – Rule 45
    3. 03Section 25(1)&(2) opposition
    4. 0416-module/152-topic series recall
    11 min readRead →
  150. 150

    Pharmaceutical IP

    Inside this notePatents Act
    1. 01Section 3(d) anti-evergreening – Novartis 2013
    2. 02Section 84 compulsory licensing – Natco v Bayer
    3. 03Section 107A Bolar exception – Bayer v UoI
    4. 04DPCO 2013 – NLEM ~870 medicines
    11 min readRead →
  151. 151

    Tech Industry IP

    Inside this noteIPR
    1. 01Ferid Allani – technical effect test
    2. 02Telefonaktiebolaget v Lava – ₹244cr SEP damages
    3. 03Engineering Analysis 2021 – software royalty
    4. 04Section 3(k) – software patentability
    10 min readRead →
  152. 152

    Biotechnology IP

    Inside this noteIPR
    1. 01Section 3(j) – plant/animal exclusion
    2. 02Monsanto v Nuziveedu – Bt cotton
    3. 03Section 6 BD Act – NBA prior approval
    4. 04TKDL – turmeric/neem/basmati biopiracy
    9 min readRead →
  153. 153

    FMCG IP

    Inside this noteIPR
    1. 01Microfibres rule – 50-article test
    2. 02Trade dress – Louboutin v Pawan Kumar
    3. 03Mars v Cadbury – Mediation Act 2023
    4. 04Cadila Healthcare 2001 – 7-factor test
    9 min readRead →
  154. 154

    Banking FinTech IP

    Inside this noteIPR
    1. 01Section 3(k) – software/business method bar
    2. 02RBI v Internet & Mobile Assn 2020
    3. 03Section 115BBH – 30% crypto tax
    4. 04Ab Initio 2024 – blockchain patentability
    9 min readRead →
  155. 155

    Healthcare Medical Devices IP

    Inside this notePatents Act
    1. 01§3(i) medical methods exclusion
    2. 02Medical Devices Rules 2017 – Class A-D
    3. 03Novartis v UoI – §3(d) efficacy test
    4. 04Natco v Bayer – §84 compulsory licence
    8 min readRead →
  156. 156

    Education EdTech IP

    Inside this noteCopyright Act
    1. 01§52(1)(i) educational fair dealing
    2. 02Cambridge UP v Rameshwari 2016
    3. 03Marrakesh Treaty – §52(1)(zb)
    4. 04AI authorship – Stephen Thaler 2025
    9 min readRead →
  157. 157

    Industry Master

    Inside this noteIPR
    1. 01Section 3(d) anti-evergreening – Novartis 2013
    2. 02Telefonaktiebolaget v Lava – ₹244 crore
    3. 03Ferid Allani – technical effect test
    4. 04Section 84 compulsory licensing – Natco-Bayer
    13 min readRead →
  158. 158

    Insurance InsurTech IP

    Inside this noteIPR
    1. 01§3(k) – InsurTech patent bar
    2. 02OpenTV 2023 – business methods bar
    3. 03Engineering Analysis v CIT 2021 SC
    4. 04DPDP Act 2023 – insurance data
    9 min readRead →
  159. 159

    Logistics Ecommerce IP

    Inside this noteIT Act §79
    1. 01Section 79 IT Act – safe harbour
    2. 02Shreya Singhal v UoI 2015
    3. 03Christian Louboutin v Nakul Bajaj 2018
    4. 04E-Commerce Rules 2020 – §3(k) CRI test
    10 min readRead →
  160. 160

    Mining Minerals IP

    Inside this noteMMDR Act
    1. 01MMDR Act 1957 – 2015/2021/2023 amendments
    2. 02§3(k) mining software – CRI Guidelines 2025
    3. 0312 of 30 critical minerals centrally auctioned
    4. 04Lithium discovery Reasi, J&K – 5.9 MT
    9 min readRead →
  161. 161

    Hospitality Tourism IP

    Inside this noteIPR
    1. 01Class 43 – primary hospitality TM class
    2. 02Recipe trade secrets – Niranjan Shankar/Krishna Murgai
    3. 03§17(c) Copyright – work for hire designers
    4. 04OTA software – §3(k) & Ferid Allani test
    9 min readRead →
  162. 162

    Music Industry IP

    Inside this noteCopyright
    1. 01Multi-layered rights – §13(1)(a)/(c)/(b)
    2. 022012 Amendment – §38, 38A, 38B performers
    3. 03§18(1) proviso – no future-media assignment
    4. 04IPRS & PPL – CMO framework
    9 min readRead →
  163. 163

    Fashion Luxury IP

    Inside this noteIPR
    1. 0150-article rule – §15(2) Designs Act
    2. 02Microfibres v Girdhar 2009 – landmark
    3. 03Christian Louboutin v Pawan Kumar – red sole
    4. 04Customs IPR Enforcement Rules 2018
    9 min readRead →
  164. 164

    Agriculture AgriTech IP

    Inside this noteIPR
    1. 01PPV&FR Act 2001 – farmers' rights §39
    2. 02§3(j) Patents Act – plants/animals excluded
    3. 03Monsanto v Nuziveedu 2019 – Bt cotton
    4. 04GI examples – Basmati, Darjeeling Tea
    9 min readRead →
  165. 165

    Further Industries Master

    Inside this noteIPR
    1. 01Insurance Laws Amdt 2015 – FDI 49%
    2. 02PM Gati Shakti 2021 – ₹100 lakh crore
    3. 03Christian Louboutin v Nakul Bajaj 2018
    4. 04National Critical Minerals Mission 2023
    15 min readRead →
  166. 166

    SICLD Act 2000

    Inside this noteSICLD Act 2000
    1. 01Three-pronged eligibility test – §2(h)
    2. 02Exclusive rights – §17 & infringement §18
    3. 03Criminal penalty – §56 (₹50K–10L, 6mo–3yr)
    4. 0410-year non-renewable protection term
    11 min readRead →
  167. 167

    Customs IPR Enforcement

    Inside this noteCustoms IPR
    1. 01IPR (Imported Goods) Rules 2018
    2. 02Suo moto detention – 14-day notice
    3. 03Patents excluded from Customs IPR (2018)
    4. 04Mars v Cadbury 2025 – mediation
    9 min readRead →
  168. 168

    IP Valuation Damages

    Inside this noteIPR
    1. 01Telefonaktiebolaget v Lava 2024 – ₹244cr
    2. 02§108 Patents Act – account of profits
    3. 03§135 TM Act & §55 Copyright – damages
    4. 04FRAND criteria – fair, reasonable, non-discrim
    10 min readRead →
  169. 169

    Compulsory Licensing

    Inside this notePatents Act
    1. 01Natco v Bayer 2012 – 6% royalty
    2. 02§84 – three grounds after 3 years
    3. 03§92A – export compulsory license
    4. 04BDR & Lee Pharma – rejected, no negotiation
    11 min readRead →
  170. 170

    IP Crimes Criminal Enforcement

    Inside this noteIP Crimes
    1. 01Copyright §63 – imprisonment/fine range
    2. 02TM Act §§103-105 – falsifying/selling false marks
    3. 03GI Act §39 & SICLD Act §56 penalties
    4. 04Cinematograph (Amendment) Act 2023 anti-camcording
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  171. 171

    Domain Names INDRP

    Inside this noteINDRP
    1. 01Yahoo! v Akash Arora 1999 – first domain case
    2. 02Satyam Infoway v Sifynet 2004 – enforceable asset
    3. 03INDRP Para 4 – three-pronged test
    4. 04Bank.in framework Feb 2025 – IDRBT registrar
    11 min readRead →
  172. 172

    Publicity Personality Rights

    Inside this noteIPR
    1. 01Anil Kapoor v Simply Life 2023 – AI deepfake
    2. 02ICC Development v Arvee 2003 – Tendulkar
    3. 03D.M. Entertainment v Baby Gift 2010 – Daler Mehndi
    4. 04§21 Consumer Protection Act – endorsement liability
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