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Juvenile Justice Act notes.

Chapter-wise, structured notes for Judiciary (PCS-J / HJS), AIBE, CLAT and LLB preparation: sections, leading case law, illustrations and exam pointers. Every note is free to read, with previous and next topic links.

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  1. 01

    JJ Act 2015 Complete Overview

    Inside this noteJJ Act 2015
    1. 01Preliminary assessment – §15
    2. 02Trial as adult – §19
    3. 03Petty/serious/heinous tiers – §2(45),(54),(33)
    4. 04Shilpa Mittal – 7-year gap loophole
    23 min readRead →
  2. 02

    Historical Evolution JJ Law

    Inside this noteJJ Act history
    1. 01Gendered age problem – JJ Act 1986
    2. 02Hari Ram v State of Rajasthan (2009)
    3. 03Salil Bali & Subramanian Swamy cases
    4. 04Preliminary assessment §15 – 2015 Act
    16 min readRead →
  3. 03

    JJ Act Comparison 1986 2000 2015

    Inside this noteJJ Act 2015
    1. 01Preliminary assessment – §15 JJ Act 2015
    2. 02Three-tier offences – petty/serious/heinous
    3. 03Shabnam Hashmi v UOI (2014)
    4. 04Age of juvenility – 1986 vs 2000/2015
    13 min readRead →
  4. 04

    JJ Act 2015 Background Reasons

    Inside this noteJJ Act 2015
    1. 01Nirbhaya case & §15 of JJ Act 2000
    2. 02Verma Committee against lowering juvenility age
    3. 03Pratap Singh v State of Jharkhand – date of offence
    4. 04Hari Ram v State of Rajasthan – retrospective benefit
    16 min readRead →
  5. 05

    International Framework UNCRC Beijing Havana Riyadh

    Inside this noteJJ Act 2015
    1. 01UNCRC Art 37 & 40 – detention/trial rights
    2. 02Beijing Rules Rule 4 & 11 – MACR & diversion
    3. 03Vishaka v Rajasthan – monism/dualism gateway
    4. 04UBHaR mnemonic – UNCRC/Beijing/Havana/Riyadh
    17 min readRead →
  6. 06

    JJ Amendment Act 2021 All Changes

    Inside this noteJJ Act 2021
    1. 01DM replaces court – adoption powers §56-63
    2. 02Shilpa Mittal codified – §2(54)
    3. 03New appeal route – §101(5) to Div Commissioner
    4. 04Quarterly pendency review – §16 DM oversight
    18 min readRead →
  7. 07

    Definitions Under JJ Act 2015

    Inside this noteJJ Act 2015
    1. 01CCL vs CNCP – §2(13)/2(14)
    2. 02Petty/serious/heinous offences – §2(45),(54),(33)
    3. 03Pratap Singh v Jharkhand – age reckoning
    4. 04Orphan/Abandoned/Surrendered – §2(42),2(1),2(60)
    31 min readRead →
  8. 08

    Fundamental Principles Section 3

    Inside this note§ 3
    1. 0116 principles – DIP FRESH START mnemonic
    2. 02Best interest test – Lakshmi Kant Pandey
    3. 03Repatriation vs restoration distinction
    4. 04CCL restoration §40 & CNCP §37(1)
    28 min readRead →
  9. 09

    Juvenile Justice Board

    Inside this noteJJ Act 2015
    1. 01Bail as right – three denial grounds §12
    2. 02Preliminary assessment – §15 heinous offence
    3. 03Apprehend vs arrest distinction – §10
    4. 04Shilpa Mittal – no offence category gap
    30 min readRead →
  10. 10

    Childrens Court

    Inside this noteJJ Act 2015
    1. 01Children's Court defined – §2(20)
    2. 02Sec 19(1) trial vs inquiry decision
    3. 03No death/life w/o remission – §21
    4. 04Shilpa Mittal – heinous offence gap
    21 min readRead →
  11. 11

    Child Welfare Committee

    Inside this noteJJ Act §27
    1. 01Composition & disqualification – §27
    2. 0220-day sitting & CCI visits – §28
    3. 03CNCP definition – §2(14)
    4. 04Legally free for adoption – §38
    27 min readRead →
  12. 12

    Rehabilitation Reintegration

    Inside this noteJJ Act
    1. 01Restoration destinations – Explanation §40
    2. 02ICP components – Rule 19 Model Rules
    3. 03Aftercare window – 18 to 21 §46
    4. 04Sampurna Behura v UOI (2018) directions
    20 min readRead →
  13. 13

    Child Care Institutions

    Inside this noteJJ Act 2015
    1. 01Eight CCI types typology
    2. 02Observation Home §47 vs Special Home §48
    3. 03Place of Safety §49 – borstal link
    4. 04Mandatory registration §41 & penalty §42
    22 min readRead →
  14. 14

    Adoption Under JJ Act

    Inside this noteJJ Act §56-63
    1. 01Adoption eligibility – §57 & spousal consent
    2. 02Single male cannot adopt girl – §57(4)
    3. 03Lakshmi Kant Pandey – ICA guidelines
    4. 04Shabnam Hashmi – secular adoption code
    19 min readRead →
  15. 15

    Offences Against Children

    Inside this noteJJ Act Ch IX
    1. 01§75 – cruelty to children
    2. 02§81 – sale & procurement of children
    3. 03Bachpan Bachao Andolan v UOI
    4. 04§86 – three-tier offence classification
    22 min readRead →
  16. 16

    Appeals And Revision

    Inside this noteJJ Act
    1. 01Appeal – §101, no second appeal §101(3)
    2. 02Revision – §102, legality vs propriety
    3. 03Adoption appeal – §101(5) to DM/DC
    4. 04Barun Chandra Thakur v Master Bholu (2022)
    17 min readRead →
  17. 17

    Landmark Cases

    Inside this noteJJ Act
    1. 01Pratap Singh – date of offence rule
    2. 02Dharambir – juvenility plea post-conviction
    3. 03Shilpa Mittal – fourth category offences
    4. 04Sheela Barse – no child in jail/lockup
    18 min readRead →
  18. 18

    JJ POCSO Interface

    Inside this noteJJ Act/POCSO
    1. 01Independent Thought – married minor CNCP
    2. 02Special POCSO Court – §28 vs Children's Court
    3. 03§15 preliminary assessment – 16-18 accused
    4. 04§74 JJ Act & §23 POCSO – identity protection
    9 min readRead →
  19. 19

    Juvenile Tried As Adult

    Inside this noteJJ Act 2015
    1. 01Section 15 preliminary assessment factors
    2. 02Section 18(3) transfer order – reasoned test
    3. 03Shilpa Mittal – fourth category offence
    4. 04Section 21 – no death/life without release
    12 min readRead →
  20. 20

    Diversion Restorative Justice

    Inside this noteJJ Act 2015
    1. 01Principle of diversion – §3(xv)
    2. 02Seven dispositions – §18(1)
    3. 03Beijing Rules – Rule 11 diversion
    4. 04Sheela Barse v Union of India
    9 min readRead →
  21. 21

    NCPCR Role

    Inside this noteJJ Act §109
    1. 01Sampurna Behura v UOI – 21 directions
    2. 02§109 JJ Act – three functions
    3. 03Civil court powers – §14 CPCR Act
    4. 04MASI, GHAR & Baalswaraj portals
    10 min readRead →
  22. 22

    Child Marriage JJ Act

    Inside this noteJJ Act 2015
    1. 01Independent Thought v UOI – Exception 2 read down
    2. 02PCMA – voidable not void marriages
    3. 03Gender differential – 21 vs 18 age
    4. 04Lajja Devi v State – personal law vs PCMA
    12 min readRead →
  23. 23

    Street Children JJ Act

    Inside this noteJJ Act 2015
    1. 01§2(14) CNCP – multiple limbs test
    2. 02§43 Open Shelter facility
    3. 03Sheela Barse v UOI (1986)
    4. 04Baalswaraj CISS module – NCPCR
    10 min readRead →
  24. 24

    Child Labour JJ Act

    Inside this noteJJ Act
    1. 01MC Mehta v TN – Rs 20,000 rehab fund
    2. 02§2(14)(ii) JJ Act – working child as CNCP
    3. 03§79 JJ Act – exploitation of child employee
    4. 04Child vs adolescent – CAL Act 2016 tiers
    12 min readRead →
  25. 25

    Trafficking Of Children

    Inside this noteJJ Act
    1. 01BNS §143 – trafficking of persons
    2. 02JJ Act §81 – sale/purchase of children
    3. 03Bachpan Bachao Andolan v UOI (2011)
    4. 04AHTU – Anti Human Trafficking Unit
    10 min readRead →
  26. 26

    Media Reporting Restrictions

    Inside this noteJJ Act §74
    1. 01§74(1) – 3 protected categories
    2. 02§74(2) – best-interest exception
    3. 03§74(3) – punishment: 6mo/₹2L fine
    4. 04Nipun Saxena v UOI (2019) directions
    14 min readRead →
  27. 27

    Juvenile Delinquency Criminology

    Inside this noteCriminology
    1. 01Merton's Strain Theory 1938
    2. 02Sutherland's Differential Association 1939
    3. 03Moffitt's Dual Taxonomy 1993
    4. 04Riyadh Guidelines 1990
    13 min readRead →