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Other Hindu Laws notes.

Chapter-wise, structured notes for Judiciary (PCS-J / HJS), AIBE, CLAT and LLB preparation: sections, leading case law, illustrations and exam pointers. Every note is free to read, with previous and next topic links.

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  1. 01

    Definition Scope Hindu Law

    Inside this noteHindu law
    1. 01Positive & residuary test – §2(1) HMA
    2. 02Scheduled Tribe exception – §2(2) HMA
    3. 03Shastri Yagnapurushadji v Muldas Vaishya
    4. 04Illegitimate child follows mother's religion
    15 min readRead →
  2. 02

    Ancient Sources Hindu Law

    Inside this noteHindu law
    1. 01Mitakshara vs Dayabhaga – Vijnaneshwara & Jimutavahana
    2. 02Custom overrides Smriti in practice
    3. 03Essentials of valid custom & §3(a) HMA
    4. 04Collector of Madura v Mootoo Ramalinga (1868)
    17 min readRead →
  3. 03

    Modern Sources Hindu Law

    Inside this noteHindu law
    1. 01Hindu Code Bill 1955-56 – MSMG Acts
    2. 02Irretrievable breakdown – Naveen Kohli
    3. 03Vineeta Sharma v Rakesh Sharma 2020
    4. 04Equity, justice & good conscience – gap-filler
    15 min readRead →
  4. 04

    Schools Hindu Law Mitakshara Dayabhaga

    Inside this noteHindu law
    1. 01Right by birth – Janmasiddha Adhikara
    2. 02Survivorship vs succession distinction
    3. 03Four sub-schools of Mitakshara
    4. 04CIT v Govind Ram AIR 1966 All 312
    15 min readRead →
  5. 05

    Sub Schools Mitakshara

    Inside this noteHindu law
    1. 01Four sub-schools – B-M-D-B mnemonic
    2. 02Stridhana scope – Benaras narrowest, Bombay widest
    3. 03Mithila – dauhitra (daughter's son) adoption
    4. 04Collector of Madras v Moottoo Ramalinga (1868)
    10 min readRead →
  6. 06

    Concept Dharma Hindu Jurisprudence

    Inside this noteHindu law
    1. 01Dhri root – uphold/sustain meaning
    2. 02Varnashrama, Sadharana, Raja, Vyavahara dharma
    3. 03Four Purusharthas – Dharma, Artha, Kama, Moksha
    4. 04Sri Venkataramana Devaru v State of Mysore 1958
    15 min readRead →
  7. 07

    Custom Source Hindu Law

    Inside this noteHindu law
    1. 01S.3(a) HMA – custom & usage defined
    2. 02Eight essentials – ACCURATE mnemonic
    3. 03Collector of Madura v Mootoo Ramalinga (1868)
    4. 04Local, community & family custom types
    13 min readRead →
  8. 08

    Object Scope HMA 1955

    Inside this noteHMA 1955
    1. 01Application to Hindus – §2
    2. 02Sapinda relationship – §3(f)
    3. 03Overriding effect – §4 non-obstante
    4. 04Sarla Mudgal v Union of India
    18 min readRead →
  9. 09

    Conditions Valid Hindu Marriage S5

    Inside this noteHMA §5
    1. 01Monogamy rule – §5(i)
    2. 02Mental capacity – §5(ii) & Lakshmi Narayan
    3. 03Prohibited degrees – §3(g) & Kamani Devi
    4. 04Sapinda relationship – §3(f) & Kamla Rani
    18 min readRead →
  10. 10

    Ceremonies Hindu Marriage Saptapadi S7

    Inside this note§7 HMA
    1. 01Saptapadi – marriage complete at 7th step
    2. 02Essential vs non-essential ceremonies distinction
    3. 03Bhaurao Lokhande v State of Maharashtra 1965
    4. 04Tamil Nadu §7A – Suyamariyadai marriage
    15 min readRead →
  11. 11

    Registration Hindu Marriage S8

    Inside this noteHMA §8
    1. 01S.8(5) – non-registration doesn't affect validity
    2. 02Seema v Ashwani Kumar – compulsory registration
    3. 03S.8(4) – Register admissible as evidence
    4. 04Registration not substitute for S.7 ceremonies
    13 min readRead →
  12. 12

    Restitution Conjugal Rights S9

    Inside this noteHMA §9
    1. 01T. Sareetha v Venkata Subbaiah – S.9 struck down
    2. 02Harvinder Kaur v Harmander Singh – S.9 upheld
    3. 03Saroj Rani v Sudarshan Kumar – SC resolution
    4. 04Explanation to §9 – burden of proof
    18 min readRead →
  13. 13

    Judicial Separation S10

    Inside this noteHMA §10
    1. 01Judicial separation vs divorce – §10 vs §13
    2. 02Rescission of decree – §10(2)
    3. 03One-year linkage to divorce – §13(1A)(i)
    4. 04Dastane v Dastane – cruelty ground
    16 min readRead →
  14. 14

    Void Marriages S11

    Inside this noteS.11 HMA
    1. 01Grounds: S.5(i),(iv),(v) violation
    2. 02S.16 – legitimacy of children
    3. 03Yamunabai v Anantrao (1988)
    4. 04Void vs voidable – key differences
    19 min readRead →
  15. 15

    Voidable Marriages S12

    Inside this noteHMA §12
    1. 01Impotence – Digvijay Singh v Pratap Kumari
    2. 02S.5(ii) mental capacity – R. Lakshmi Narayan v Santhi
    3. 03Force/fraud consent – time limits S.12(2)(a)
    4. 04Pre-marital pregnancy – Mahendra v Sushila
    19 min readRead →
  16. 16

    Divorce Introduction Theories S13 Overview

    Inside this noteS13 HMA 1955
    1. 01Four theories – Fault, Breakdown, Consent, Frustration
    2. 02Hybrid nature of S13 – Shilpa Sailesh (2023)
    3. 03S13(1A), 13B & 13A structure
    4. 04Irretrievable breakdown – Naveen Kohli, Art 142
    17 min readRead →
  17. 17

    Grounds Divorce Adultery Cruelty

    Inside this noteHindu law
    1. 01Adultery ground – §13(1)(i) HMA
    2. 02Dastane v Dastane – civil standard of proof
    3. 03Samar Ghosh v Jaya Ghosh – mental cruelty tests
    4. 04Pre vs post-1976 'living in adultery' change
    16 min readRead →
  18. 18

    Grounds Divorce Desertion Conversion

    Inside this noteHMA §13
    1. 01Bipin Chander Jaisinghbhai Shah v Prabhawati
    2. 02Continuous 2-year desertion – §13(1)(ib)
    3. 03Sarla Mudgal & Lily Thomas – conversion
    4. 04Desertion vs Conversion comparison
    20 min readRead →
  19. 19

    Grounds Divorce Mental VD Renunciation Death

    Inside this noteHMA §13(1)
    1. 01Mental disorder – R. Lakshmi Narayan v Santhi
    2. 02Leprosy ground deleted – 2019 Amendment
    3. 03Venereal disease – Mayadevi v Jagdish Prasad
    4. 04Seven-year rule – §13(1)(vii) presumption of death
    18 min readRead →
  20. 20

    Mutual Consent Divorce S13B

    Inside this noteS 13B HMA
    1. 01Sureshta Devi – continuing consent
    2. 026-month cooling-off waiver – Amardeep Singh
    3. 03Irretrievable breakdown Art 142 – Shilpa Sailesh
    4. 04Mutual consent vs contested divorce
    18 min readRead →
  21. 21

    Bars Matrimonial Relief S23 S14

    Inside this noteHMA §23/§14
    1. 01Own wrong bar – Dharmendra Kumar
    2. 02Condonation – Dastane v Dastane
    3. 03Collusion vs mutual consent distinction
    4. 04One-year rule – §14 exceptions
    19 min readRead →
  22. 22

    Alimony Maintenance S24 S25

    Inside this noteHMA §24/25
    1. 01S.24 – maintenance pendente lite, gender-neutral
    2. 02Rajnesh v Neha (2021) – guidelines
    3. 03S.25 – permanent alimony, variation & rescission
    4. 04Remarriage effect on S.25 maintenance
    17 min readRead →
  23. 23

    Maintenance Comparative HAMA S125 DV

    Inside this noteHindu law
    1. 01S.18(2)(g) residuary clause – HAMA
    2. 02Shah Bano case – S.125 CrPC
    3. 03Indra Sarma v VK Sarma – DV Act
    4. 04Rajnesh v Neha – unified guidelines
    16 min readRead →
  24. 24

    Custody Children S26

    Inside this note§26 HMA
    1. 01Welfare of child – paramount consideration
    2. 02Tender years doctrine – §6(a) HMGA
    3. 03Githa Hariharan – 'after him' interpretation
    4. 04Gaurav Nagpal v Sumedha Nagpal (2009)
    17 min readRead →
  25. 25

    Jurisdiction Procedure HMA

    Inside this noteHMA
    1. 01Five jurisdictional options – §19
    2. 02Transfer of petitions – §21A
    3. 03In-camera proceedings – §22
    4. 04Appeals: 90-day period – §28
    18 min readRead →
  26. 26

    Landmark HMA Cases Compendium

    Inside this noteHMA 1955
    1. 01Sarla Mudgal – conversion & bigamy
    2. 02Samar Ghosh – 16 cruelty illustrations
    3. 03T. Sareetha – S.9 RCR unconstitutional
    4. 04Rajnesh v Neha – maintenance guidelines
    16 min readRead →
  27. 27

    HMGA Introduction Scope Applicability

    Inside this noteHMGA 1956
    1. 01Supplemental to GWA – §2 HMGA
    2. 02Application to Hindus – §3
    3. 03Illegitimate children coverage – §3 Expl
    4. 04Githa Hariharan v RBI (1999)
    15 min readRead →
  28. 28

    HMGA Definitions Section 4

    Inside this note§ 4
    1. 01Minor – §4(a): under 18 years
    2. 02Guardian – §4(b) inclusive definition
    3. 03Natural guardian – §4(c) refers to §6
    4. 04Mohori Bibee v Dharmodas Ghose (1903)
    13 min readRead →
  29. 29

    Natural Guardians Section 6

    Inside this note§ 6
    1. 01Githa Hariharan v RBI (1999)
    2. 02§6(b) illegitimate – mother priority
    3. 03ABC v State NCT Delhi (2015)
    4. 04Proviso disqualifications – conversion
    18 min readRead →
  30. 30

    Powers Natural Guardian Section 8

    Inside this note§ 8
    1. 01No personal covenant – S.8(1)
    2. 02Court permission for immovable property – S.8(2)
    3. 03Voidable, not void – S.8(3)
    4. 04Necessity/evident advantage – Hanooman Prasad
    19 min readRead →
  31. 31

    Testamentary Guardians Section 9

    Inside this note§ 9
    1. 01S.9(1) – father's testamentary power
    2. 02No effect/revive rule – S.9(2)
    3. 03S.9(3) – widow/mother's power
    4. 04Cessation on girl's marriage – S.9(6)
    16 min readRead →
  32. 32

    De Facto Guardian Disqualified Persons

    Inside this noteHMGA §10-12
    1. 01Minor guardian bar – §10
    2. 02De facto guardian bar – §11
    3. 03Void, not voidable – §11 vs §8(3)
    4. 04Karta's undivided share rule – §12
    16 min readRead →
  33. 33

    Welfare Minor Custody HMGA GWA Interface

    Inside this noteHMGA §13
    1. 01S.13(2) HMGA – override of formal rights
    2. 02S.17 GWA – factors in guardianship
    3. 03Hague Convention non-signatory – India
    4. 04Gaurav Nagpal v Sumedha Nagpal (2009)
    19 min readRead →
  34. 34

    Prohibition Consideration Adoption S17

    Inside this noteS.17 HAMA
    1. 01Dual prohibition – giving & receiving §17(1)
    2. 02Penalty – 6 months/fine/both §17(2)
    3. 03Prior State sanction for prosecution §17(3)
    4. 04Laxmi Kant Pandey – anti-commercialisation
    5 min readRead →
  35. 35

    InterCountry Adoption CARA

    Inside this noteHAMA/JJ Act
    1. 01Laxmi Kant Pandey v UOI (1984)
    2. 02Shabnam Hashmi – secular adoption
    3. 03CARA under JJ Act §68
    4. 04Hague Convention 1993 – subsidiarity
    6 min readRead →
  36. 36

    Maintenance Wife S18

    Inside this noteHAMA §18
    1. 01S.18(2) grounds – 7 (post-2019)
    2. 02S.18(2)(c) leprosy – deleted 2019
    3. 03S.18(3) forfeiture – unchastity/conversion
    4. 04Rajnesh v Neha – maintenance guidelines
    7 min readRead →
  37. 37

    Maintenance Children Parents S20

    Inside this noteS.20 HAMA
    1. 01S.20 HAMA – dual obligation children/parents
    2. 02Unmarried major daughter – S.20(3)
    3. 03S.20 HAMA vs Senior Citizens Act 2007
    4. 04S.23 void transfers – Urmila Dixit case
    6 min readRead →
  38. 38

    Maintenance Dependants S21 S22

    Inside this noteHAMA §21-22
    1. 018 categories of dependants – §21
    2. 02Devolution proviso – sufficient share bar
    3. 03Claim against estate, not heirs – §22
    4. 04Bhagwan Dutt v Kamla Devi – estate liability
    4 min readRead →
  39. 39

    Amount Maintenance Alteration S23 S25

    Inside this noteHAMA S.23/25
    1. 01S.23(2) five factors – status,wants,resources
    2. 02S.25 – material change alteration
    3. 03Rajnesh v Neha (2021) guidelines
    4. 0425% benchmark – Kalyan Dey Chowdhury
    6 min readRead →
  40. 40

    HSA Object Scope Applicability

    Inside this noteHSA 1956
    1. 01Vineeta Sharma – daughter coparcener retroactive
    2. 02Agnate vs Cognate distinction – §3
    3. 03Overriding effect – §4 HSA
    4. 042005 Amendment – §6 notional partition abolished
    9 min readRead →
  41. 41

    Joint Hindu Family Concept

    Inside this noteHindu law
    1. 01Presumption of jointness – Surjit Lal Chhabda
    2. 02JHF vs Coparcenary distinction
    3. 03Single male + females = JHF – Pushpa Devi
    4. 04Physical separation ≠ partition – Surjit Singh
    6 min readRead →
  42. 42

    Mitakshara Coparcenary

    Inside this noteHindu law
    1. 01Right by birth – Janmasiddha
    2. 02Fluctuating/unascertained interest doctrine
    3. 03Vineeta Sharma – retroactive 2020
    4. 04Survivorship abolished – §6 devolution
    7 min readRead →
  43. 43

    Karta Powers Duties

    Inside this noteHindu law
    1. 01Hanooman Prasad Pandey doctrine – 1856
    2. 02MACRO mnemonic – Karta's powers
    3. 03Alienation without necessity – voidable
    4. 04Kale v. Dy. Director – family arrangement not transfer
    5 min readRead →
  44. 44

    JFP vs Separate Property

    Inside this noteHindu law
    1. 01Nucleus test – JF funds presumption
    2. 02Blending needs clear intent – Lakkireddi
    3. 03Mother's inheritance = separate – Kundanlal
    4. 04Self-acquired father's property – M. Yogendra
    6 min readRead →
  45. 45

    Doctrine Pious Obligation

    Inside this note§6(4) HSA
    1. 01Avyavaharika debts exception
    2. 02§6(4) HSA – abolition post-2005
    3. 03Pannalal v Naraini – coparcenary limit
    4. 04Karta's debt vs father's personal debt
    6 min readRead →
  46. 46

    Partition Meaning Modes Effects

    Inside this noteHindu law
    1. 01Severance of status vs metes and bounds
    2. 02Oral partition valid – Kalyani v Narayanan
    3. 03Reopening grounds – FWAD mnemonic
    4. 04Pre-2005 partition final – Comm HR v Gauri
    5 min readRead →
  47. 47

    Section6 Devolution Pre2005

    Inside this note§ 6
    1. 01Notional partition – proviso mechanism
    2. 02Class I female heirs trigger proviso
    3. 03Gurupad Khandappa Magdum – computation
    4. 04Chander Sen – proviso vs survivorship
    6 min readRead →
  48. 48

    2005 Amendment Daughter Coparcener

    Inside this noteS.6 HSA 2005
    1. 01Daughter coparcener by birth – S.6(1)
    2. 02Survivorship abolished – S.6(3)
    3. 03Vineeta Sharma – Prakash overruled
    4. 04Proviso: pre-20.12.2004 partitions saved
    8 min readRead →
  49. 49

    Class I Class II Heirs

    Inside this noteHSA Schedule
    1. 01Class I – 12 entries post-2005
    2. 02Father – Class II Entry I trap
    3. 03Per capita vs per stirpes – §10 Rule 1
    4. 04Arunachala Gounder – daughter as Class I
    7 min readRead →
  50. 50

    Succession Male Hindu Intestate

    Inside this noteHSA §8-13
    1. 01Four-tier hierarchy – Class I to Cognates
    2. 02Per capita vs per stirpes – Gurupad Magdum
    3. 03Multiple widows share one portion
    4. 04Murderer disqualified – §25
    6 min readRead →
  51. 51

    Succession Female Hindu Intestate

    Inside this noteHSA §15-16
    1. 01S.15(1) – 5 rules order of heirs
    2. 02S.15(2)(a) – father's property reverts
    3. 03S.15(2)(b) – husband's property reverts
    4. 04Omprakash v Radhacharan (2009)
    7 min readRead →
  52. 52

    Stridhana Section14

    Inside this note§ 14
    1. 01Twin test – ownership & possession
    2. 02Pre-existing right doctrine – Tulasamma
    3. 03§14(1) vs §14(2) comparative table
    4. 04Tej Bhan 2024 – larger bench reference
    9 min readRead →
  53. 53

    Widows Estate

    Inside this noteS.14 HSA
    1. 01§14 HSA 1956 – absolute ownership
    2. 021937 Act §3 – widow's limited share
    3. 03Reversioners' contingent interest – Rani Bai
    4. 04Eramma v Verrupana – 'some kind of title'
    6 min readRead →
  54. 54

    Disqualified Heirs

    Inside this noteHSA 1956
    1. 01Murder/abetment bar – §25
    2. 02Nemo ex suo delicto maxim
    3. 03Convert's descendants barred – §26
    4. 04Disease/defect no bar – §28
    5 min readRead →
  55. 55

    Escheat

    Inside this note§29 HSA
    1. 01Escheat – §29 HSA
    2. 02Bona vacantia – Kautilya 'nirupagraha'
    3. 03Art 296 Constitution – escheat & lapse
    4. 04Govt takes subject to obligations
    4 min readRead →
  56. 56

    Testamentary Succession

    Inside this noteS.30 HSA
    1. 01S.30 HSA – bridge to ISA 1925
    2. 022005 Explanation – coparcenary interest willable
    3. 03S.63 ISA – attestation formalities
    4. 04Marriage does NOT revoke will (unlike English law)
    6 min readRead →
  57. 57

    Landmark Cases HSA

    Inside this noteHSA 1956
    1. 01Vineeta Sharma – §6 retroactive coparcenary
    2. 02V Tulasamma – §14(1) vs §14(2) proviso
    3. 03Gurupad v Hirabai – widow's dual benefit
    4. 04Revanasiddappa – illegitimate child's rights
    4 min readRead →
  58. 58

    Alienation JFP

    Inside this noteHindu law
    1. 01Vijnaneshwara's three exceptions – Karta
    2. 02Hanooman Persuad v Babooee – burden of proof
    3. 03Voidable, not void – unauthorised alienation
    4. 04Father's gift of love & affection – Basho
    8 min readRead →
  59. 59

    Karta Borrowing Antecedent Debt

    Inside this noteHindu law
    1. 01Antecedent debt – Brij Narain v Mangala Prasad
    2. 02Pious obligation doctrine – sons' duty
    3. 03Avyavaharika debts – immoral/illegal
    4. 04Post-2005 S.6 HSA amendment effect
    6 min readRead →
  60. 60

    Family Arrangement

    Inside this noteHindu law
    1. 01Kale v Deputy Director – six essentials
    2. 02Creating vs recording rights – registration
    3. 03Ravinder Kaur Grewal – memorandum unregistered
    4. 04Estoppel bars resiling – Kale doctrine
    5 min readRead →
  61. 61

    Reunion After Partition

    Inside this noteHindu law
    1. 01Father–son reunion always valid
    2. 02Brothers – recognized except Bombay school
    3. 03Burden of proof on party claiming reunion
    4. 04Reunion vs blending – key distinction
    2 min readRead →
  62. 62

    Blending Separate Property

    Inside this noteHindu law
    1. 01Blending test – Intention + overt act
    2. 02Irrevocable once effected
    3. 03Blending vs Reunion distinction
    4. 04Lakkireddi Chinna Venkata Reddi v Lakshmama
    3 min readRead →
  63. 63

    HUF Tax Legal

    Inside this noteIT Act 1961
    1. 01HUF as separate entity – §2(31) IT Act
    2. 02Nucleus requirement for HUF formation
    3. 03Partial partition unrecognized post 31.12.1978 – §171
    4. 04Clubbing provisions – §64(1)(iv)/64(2)
    4 min readRead →
  64. 64

    Maintenance CrPC vs HAMA

    Inside this noteS.125 CrPC/S.18 HA
    1. 01Secular vs Hindu-only – S.125 vs S.18
    2. 02Simultaneous claims – Savitaben v Gujarat
    3. 03Void marriage wife – Badshah v Urmila
    4. 04Rajnesh v Neha – maintenance guidelines
    5 min readRead →
  65. 65

    Wife Right Residence

    Inside this noteDV Act 2005
    1. 01Shared household – §2(s) DV Act
    2. 02S.R. Batra v Taruna Batra (2007)
    3. 03Satish Chander Ahuja v Sneha Ahuja (2021)
    4. 04Residence orders – §19 DV Act
    4 min readRead →
  66. 66

    Maintenance Parents HAMA vs SrCitizens

    Inside this noteHindu law
    1. 01S.20 HAMA – children's duty to parents
    2. 02S.23 Sr Citizens Act – void property transfer
    3. 03S.24 – abandonment as offence
    4. 04FAST-V mnemonic for comparison
    4 min readRead →
  67. 67

    Permanent Alimony vs Monthly

    Inside this noteS.25 HMA
    1. 01S.24 vs S.25 vs S.18 – 'IPO' rule
    2. 02Rajnesh v Neha – 60 day guidelines
    3. 03Sukhdev Singh – S.25 applies to void marriage
    4. 04Lump sum vs monthly – Shilpa Sailesh
    5 min readRead →
  68. 68

    Stridhan Concept

    Inside this noteHindu law
    1. 01Pratibha Rani v Suraj Kumar – husband trustee
    2. 02Saudayika vs non-saudayika Stridhan
    3. 03Rashmi Kumar v Mahesh Kumar Bhada
    4. 04Mulakala Malleshwara Rao (2024) – locus standi
    4 min readRead →
  69. 69

    Types Stridhan

    Inside this noteHindu law
    1. 01Manu's 6 types – Adhyagni to Brother gift
    2. 02Saudayika vs Non-Saudayika distinction
    3. 03S.14 HSA – absolute property post-1956
    4. 04Devolution of Stridhan – S.15-16 HSA
    2 min readRead →
  70. 70

    Section14 Detailed

    Inside this note§ 14
    1. 01Pre-existing right doctrine – Tulasamma
    2. 02Tulasamma vs Karmi streams
    3. 03Tej Bhan v Ram Kishan (2024) reference
    4. 04Possession requirement – Eramma v Verrupana
    4 min readRead →
  71. 71

    Stridhan vs Dowry

    Inside this noteHindu law
    1. 01Pratibha Rani v Suraj Kumar – trustee ratio
    2. 02Vinod Sethi overruled by Pratibha Rani
    3. 03'In connection with marriage' test
    4. 04VICC test – Stridhan vs Dowry
    3 min readRead →
  72. 72

    Misappropriation Stridhan

    Inside this noteHindu law
    1. 01Pratibha Rani – civil & criminal co-extensive
    2. 02S.406 IPC/S.316 BNS – criminal breach of trust
    3. 03Mulakala Malleshwara Rao 2024 – locus standi
    4. 04Rashmi Kumar – delay not fatal to prosecution
    4 min readRead →
  73. 73

    Conversion Effects

    Inside this noteHindu law
    1. 01Sarla Mudgal – conversion & bigamy
    2. 02Lily Thomas – 5-judge reaffirmation
    3. 03S.26 HSA – convert & children disqualification
    4. 04S.18(2)(d) HAMA vs S.125 CrPC maintenance
    4 min readRead →
  74. 74

    Illegitimate Children

    Inside this noteHindu law
    1. 01Revanasiddappa v Mallikarjun (2023)
    2. 02S.16(3) HMA – limited to parents' property
    3. 03Not a coparcener – no jus nascendi
    4. 04Jinia Keotin & Bharatha Matha cases
    3 min readRead →
  75. 75

    Sapinda Prohibited Relationship

    Inside this noteHindu law
    1. 01Sapinda – S.3(g) HMA
    2. 02Prohibited degrees – S.3(f) HMA
    3. 03Custom exception – S.5 proviso
    4. 04Void marriage & punishment – S.11/18
    3 min readRead →
  76. 76

    Hindu Law Constitutional

    Inside this noteHindu law
    1. 01Art 25(2)(b) – reform clause
    2. 02Art 44 UCC – Shah Bano, Sarla Mudgal
    3. 03Vineeta Sharma (2020) – coparcenary
    4. 04Shilpa Sailesh (2023) – Art 142 divorce
    3 min readRead →
  77. 77

    UCC Debate

    Inside this noteArt 44
    1. 01Shah Bano v Mohd Ahmed Khan 1985
    2. 02Sarla Mudgal v UOI – conversion bigamy
    3. 03Uttarakhand UCC Act 2024 – first state
    4. 04Goa common civil code – Jose Paulo Coutinho
    5 min readRead →
  78. 78

    Customary Divorce

    Inside this note§29(2) HMA
    1. 01Section 29(2) HMA – saving clause
    2. 02Subramani v Chandralekha (2004) SC
    3. 03Sanjana Kumari v Vijay Kumar (2024) SC
    4. 04Yamanaji v Durgubai – chhor-chitthi custom
    2 min readRead →
  79. 79

    Bigamy

    Inside this noteS.494 IPC
    1. 01Bhaurao Lokhande – ceremonies mandatory
    2. 02Sarla Mudgal & Lily Thomas – conversion no defence
    3. 03Goa exception – Portuguese Civil Code
    4. 04Kanwal Ram – void 2nd marriage still bigamy
    4 min readRead →
  80. 80

    Hindu Law Buddhists Jains Sikhs

    Inside this noteHindu law
    1. 01S.2 definition – residuary clause
    2. 02Anand Marriage Act 1909 (amended 2012)
    3. 03Perumal Nadar v Ponnuswami
    4. 04Scheduled Tribes exclusion – S.2(2)
    3 min readRead →
  81. 81

    Recent SC Judgments

    Inside this noteHindu law
    1. 01Art 142 divorce – Shilpa Sailesh
    2. 02Illegitimate children's property – Revanasiddappa
    3. 03S.14 HSA larger bench ref – Tej Bhan
    4. 04Void marriage alimony – Sukhdev Singh
    3 min readRead →
  82. 82

    Landmark HMA Cases

    Inside this noteHMA 1955
    1. 01Shilpa Sailesh – Art 142 divorce
    2. 02Samar Ghosh – 16 cruelty instances
    3. 03Amardeep Singh – §13B(2) waiver
    4. 04Sarla Mudgal – conversion & bigamy
    3 min readRead →
  83. 83

    Landmark HSA Cases

    Inside this noteHSA 1956
    1. 01Vineeta Sharma – daughter coparcener by birth
    2. 02V. Tulasamma – S.14(1) liberal interpretation
    3. 03Gurupad v. Hirabai – notional partition dual benefit
    4. 04Tej Bhan – S.14 referred to larger bench
    2 min readRead →
  84. 84

    Landmark Adoption Maintenance

    Inside this noteHAMA/S.125 CrPC
    1. 01Shabnam Hashmi – religion-neutral adoption
    2. 02S.6 HAMA – Brijendra Singh & Nandkishore
    3. 03Rajnesh v Neha – maintenance guidelines
    4. 04S.R. Batra vs Satish Chander Ahuja – shared household
    2 min readRead →
  85. 85

    MCQ Bank

    Inside this noteHindu law
    1. 01Vineeta Sharma – daughters coparceners
    2. 02Antecedent debt test – Brij Narain
    3. 03Alienation without necessity – voidable
    4. 04Sapinda – 5 gen father, 3 mother
    4 min readRead →
  86. 86

    Comparison Tables

    Inside this noteHindu Law
    1. 01Void (S.11) vs Voidable (S.12) marriage
    2. 02S.14(1) vs S.14(2) HSA – Tulasamma
    3. 03Mitakshara vs Dayabhaga schools
    4. 04S.125 CrPC/S.144 BNSS vs S.18 HAMA
    3 min readRead →
  87. 87

    Mnemonics Memory Aids

    Inside this noteHindu law
    1. 01MAMPS – S.5 marriage conditions
    2. 02ACID CURVE – S.13(1) divorce grounds
    3. 03PDV – 2005 Amendment trilogy cases
    4. 04Sapinda count – 5F-3M
    5 min readRead →
  88. 88

    Topic S1 LiveIn Relationships

    Inside this noteHindu law
    1. 01Indra Sarma – five categories test
    2. 02D Velusamy – 5 conditions test
    3. 03Badri Prasad – 50yr presumption
    4. 04Uttarakhand UCC – mandatory registration
    4 min readRead →
  89. 89

    Topic S2 Cruelty Divorce

    Inside this noteS.13(1)(ia) HMA
    1. 01Samar Ghosh – 16 mental cruelty instances
    2. 02Dastane v Dastane – preponderance standard
    3. 03V. Bhagat – wear and tear not cruelty
    4. 04Naveen Kohli – irretrievable breakdown
    4 min readRead →
  90. 90

    Topic S3 Desertion Divorce

    Inside this noteS.13(1)(ib) HMA
    1. 01Bipinchandra twin-test – factum & animus
    2. 02Constructive desertion – Chetan Dass, Lachman
    3. 03Desertion vs restitution/agreement/judicial separation
    4. 04Bona fide offer to resume – Rohini Kumari
    4 min readRead →
  91. 91

    Topic S4 DV Act Hindu Women

    Inside this notePWDVA 2005
    1. 01Hiral P. Harsora – 'adult male' struck down
    2. 02Shared household – S.2(s), S.R. Batra
    3. 03V.D. Bhanot – retrospective application
    4. 04PRMCC reliefs – S.18-22 mnemonic
    4 min readRead →
  92. 92

    Topic S5 Custody Welfare

    Inside this noteHindu law
    1. 01Githa Hariharan v RBI – 'after' father rule
    2. 02§6 HMGA proviso – below 5yrs with mother
    3. 03Gaurav Nagpal – welfare paramount test
    4. 04Nil Ratan Kundu – child's wishes factor
    4 min readRead →
  93. 93

    Topic S6 SMA Interplay

    Inside this noteSMA 1954
    1. 01Severance from JHF – S.21 SMA
    2. 02ISA 1925 governs succession, not HSA
    3. 03Chand Patel v Bismillah Begum
    4. 04Seema v Ashwani Kumar – registration
    3 min readRead →
  94. 94

    Topic S7 Presumption Marriage

    Inside this noteS.114 Evidence
    1. 01Badri Prasad – 50-yr cohabitation
    2. 02D. Velusamy – 'nature of marriage' test
    3. 03BSTD mnemonic – four cases
    4. 04Rebuttal burden – heavy onus
    3 min readRead →
  95. 95

    Topic S8 Matrimonial Property

    Inside this noteHindu law
    1. 01No community of property doctrine
    2. 02S.25 HMA – permanent alimony
    3. 03S.27 HMA – disposal of property
    4. 04Rajnesh v Neha – asset disclosure
    3 min readRead →